There seems to be a mixed opposition to the use of Snuff as Doctors with one Doctor in particular Dr John Hill being the key critic against the "Immoderate use of snuff", whereas in high society Ladies and Gentlemen take it freely with abandon and frequently pen pieces titled "In Defence of Snuff" and "The Virtues of Snuff". Yet these articles penned by Doctors amongst others are the ones which we will be focusing on in this section as they direct us and frame their opposition in the context of the harmful effects that Snuff has on the body, linking it to the harmful effects associated with Tobacco, as well as the adverse effect it has on the Church and church-goers and the behaviour it elicits from people.

This is best displayed by the figure below which was one among many written in response to Dr John Hill's findings: Stated in the figure below is an admission that while they cannot agree completely with the Doctor's findings they too believe that Snuff used immoderately contributes to ill health. It is important to note that there were many articles being penned at this time about the ill health that could occur as a result of snuff due to the fact that there was a large spike in the number of people that were partaking in it, and due to it being consumed almost exclusively by the upper classes the majority of the discourse happened in articles and were published in magazines, easily accessible to the target audience of snuff, with many letters being penned to and fro from Opposers to snuff and those in support of snuff. 

Figure 4 Cautions Against the Immoderate use of Snuff The Critical Review 

 

The figure below introduces us to opposition on snuff-taking in the public from a religious perspective. An important consideration to take into account when reading this article is also to note the location of the church being in Scotland, showing just how widespread the use of snuff was and as the writer himself admits that Scotland is home to the "greatest varieties in opinion on religion" yet even he cannot condone the uncivilised behaviour he feels arouses in those that partake in snuff-taking creating a passionate argument to frame his opposition to snuff.Though not a medical opposition to snuff-taking it is important to take note of the religious opposition to Snuff outlined in this figure here, this letter is addressed to an Editor at the Edinburgh Review who had previously exalted on "The Virtues of Snuff", supporting our understanding that the reception of Snuff and Snuff-taking was wildly varied amongst people, though notably Doctors and those of a Religious persuasion being the staunchest opposers to the practice. The writer makes repeated references to Snuff changing peoples behaviours and bringing out a wildness and lack of civility at Church stating that it brings out peoples "worst indecencies".  

 

 Figures 5 "On the Bad Effects of Snuff-Taking in Church." 

   

Another searing attack can be seen on snuff in the figure below, this time from the perspective of a Lady, who finds that the practice of Snuff-taking to have pervaded the very depths of society and is particularly opposed to the effect that it has had on the women in society offering a different perspective from the ones that we have seen thus far. She supports the evidence that the use of snuff was wide and unchecked as she states that it can be heard in the 'Church... the playhouse and in concert', this is an interesting perspective to examine as it gives us an insight into how snuff was being used in everyday activities in life, even stating that 'Old ladies are choked by a pinch of snuff during church service..... and that a celebrated Actor had spoiled his voice by this absurd treatment to his nose...' The lady's opposition to snuff seems to lie also in the way in which it is making women uncivilised perhaps even ruining their chances at marriage due to the relationship between their 'fingers and their nose'. Even cautioning younger female readers against using it as it would damage their fair skin and more importantly their chances at any marriage if partaking in snuff. The overwhelming takeaway of the piece is that the use of snuff has become pandemic with too many people using it according to the author, and in their eyes it ruining the civility of ladies most importantly as well as ruining events and religious services, similarly to the opposition held by the gentlemen in the previous figure. 

 

Figures 6 "An Address to all Snuff-takers"

We will now take a look at those who wrote to Editors of Magazines attempting to praise the use of snuff and defend it from the attacks that we have seen above. The writers of these articles are both male and female with many interestingly remarking on the virtues of snuff and commenting on its importance as a social practice and thus necessary to retain in their opinion. Where in the previous section Snuff was opposed due to it infringing on daily life and being considered an uncivilised, and unhealthy practices these figures will show us just what importance snuff had in the daily lives of  people. 

 Here in the figure above we have someone writing poetry to a magazine in order to extoll on what they perceive to be the virtues of snuff,using flowery language supporting the fact that inhaling snuff was a highly fashionable social practice and one used frequently by many people. The author writes that snuff makes her "giddy and removes the spleen and introduces wit amongst other things.

To counter the lighthearted poetry it is important to also note as stated in the previous section that the use of  snuff was mixed even within medical circles with the Doctor in this article stating his acceptance of snuff as an occasional medicinal tool. Interestingly also noting that he cannot find anything satisfactory with prohibiting or dissuading people from using snuff as it is such a staple in high society and "sanctioned by fashion and become a necessary to life". This is extremely interesting as it ties in with the grip that snuff had on social life in England during the 18th century, due to its popularity it had become a social ritual (wordpress pg1) that had embedded itself even being supported as seen below by some Doctors.

It is apparent that snuff was a highly fashionable practice and used particularly by the upper classes, due to the nature of snuff it needed to be packaged in a box to prevent it from drying out, therefore wealth restricted the lower classes from buying it and snuff became a way for the elite to distinguish themselves from the lower classes (Porter and Teich pg 39). This is similar to the way in which Wine was restricted to the upper classes due to the high tariffs and importation costs.  it is interesting to note this in the image below also, as it shows a man purchasing and immediately inhaling snuff adding to our understanding from the research that it was a common practice among the upper classes and one that was observed in all spaces rather than secluded to any one environment. This fits into what we know as by the middle of the 18th century, snuff use was at its peak and was being consumed both in England and Scotland with particular popularity during the reign of Queen Anne (WHO pg44). 

An example of the casual way in which Snuff is used in the 18th Century can be seen in Sussanna Centlivre's "A Bold Stroke for a Wife", this is of particular interest because it links well with the use of snuff as a fashionable practice, similar to the way in which Coffeehouse's were frequented, snuff became embedded in peoples daily lives and was reguarly used here also (Mcullen pg145). In "A Bold Stroke for a Wife" Colonel Fainwell is attempting to woo Anne Lovely's 4 guardians and chooses to model himself after their likes in an attempt to curry favour and eventually win the hand of Anne Lovely. An interaction of particular note to us is the one between Colonel Fainwell and Sir Phillip throughout the play, the first is when Colonel Fainwell ambushes Sir Phillip presenting himself as a genteel man of fashion in an attempt to appeal to Sir Phillips own preoccupation with fashion and high society' practices. 

Sir Phillip immediately takes a fancy to this stranger due to the fact that he is aware and caught up with the customs and fashions in England at the time, by appealing to Sir Phillips own pompousness and desire to be clued up on everything Fainwell manages to endear himself to Sir Phillip as was his intention and also demonstrate to us the central figure that snuff played in people's lives and how it amounted to social currency amongst some. This is important as it shows us just how much snuff was enjoyed and worshipped amongst the upper classes as it is the very thing that endears Fainwell to Sir Phillip so much so that he is willing to give his ward to him because he gets along with Fainwell so much. This is further compounded by the fact that it is Sir Phillip who is the one to introduce Fainwell to the other guardians, by appealing to Sir Phillips vanity Fainwell manages to insert himself directly into the circle of the guardians and thus achieve his goal of marrying Anne. The fact that this is achieved in some part due to the fashion stamp of high society that snuff is attached to shows just how important it was in the lives of the upper class, a stark contrast to those that were vehemently opposed to it. 

Again here we see Fainwell reasserting himself as the gentlemen, this is towards the end of the play and still Sir Phillip is enraptured by this gentlemen and so obviously overjoyed to be in his company. Sir Phillip's constant referral to him as a '"gentleman" only aids our interpretation that Sir Phillip because of his own vanity is completely taken in by the act that Fainwell manages to embody so well. Yet it is also telling of the period, as by the middle of the 18th century the practice of inhaling snuff was so common that it was permissible to take snuff even in the Houses of Parliament (Harrison p1649).

We can conclude that the supporters of snuff far outweighed the opposers to it, due to the fact that it was such a common and more importantly fashionable practice as a result of its popularity which can be seen by the numerous letters penned to magazines, and just how much it pervaded the literature of the time as well. 

Whilst the snuff was incredibly popular during the 18th Century, along with it came the creation of the Snuffbox which was used as a way of storing snuff in a tightly compacted container so as to prevent the powder from becoming too dry and thus unable to inhale with ease. The snuffbox has many an intricate design and this is largely because of the fact that they were used and bought exclusively by the upper-classes due to the sheer expense of the items as a result of the intricate designs carved into them as well as paintings that were painted also on some. There are different forms of snuff-boxes, which people favoured, some using snuff-bottles although it should be noted this was exclusively used amongst the Chinese, here are just some examples of the different forms of Snuff-boxes. 

        

On the left side we have a snuff-box typically used by the upper-classes as evidenced by the painting on the front of the box. On the other side we have a snuff-box in the form of a bottle, both would be used to store snuff and insure that it would be kept in its original powdery form for maximum ease of use. 

Interestingly, we have an account of the use of a snuff-box describing it as a social tool and one that is very convenient and necessary in ones day to day life. Snuff-boxes were usually quite small in size as the narrator tells us he was able to carry it in his waistcoat, and manage to take it out whenever he wanted to in order to offer someone a "social pinch". It is interesting to note that snuff-boxes are put in the same category as ladies items such as their billet-doux. This frames snuff and snuff-boxes as an almost necessity accessory to life as it is as  integral as those things that a female needs. In the Figure on the right, we see the early history of snuff-boxes and snuff being traced back to the French, the author notes that the King's Daughters had their own private snuff-boxes- and that the practice of taking snuff had become so general that it was considered part of the toilet for a lady of the ton. This is extremely interesting to note as it supports our understanding of just how much snuff and snuff-boxes were being used and practiced, the author also remarking on the 'costly' nature of snuff-boxes, further supporting our understanding but also shining a light on just how in demand unique snuff-boxes were as people wanted their snuff-box to be distinct to them and beautiful.  

 Figure 16  Louis Nicholas Van Snuff-box

It is of particular interest, for us to note the way in which snuff/snuff-boxes are brought up in "The Beggars Opera", as is not a tale of wealthy men but rather one of middle to lower-class men which offers us a fresh perspective on what those of that rank thought of the practice of snuff and the brazen displays of wealth to be found in snuff-boxes. Immediately in the play we are introduced to Peachum, who is the jailer at the local HM Prison thus we are able to see what the price of punishment would be for theft of snuff/snuffboxes. This is clearly laid out, when Peachum reads out his itinerary for the day giving us an insight into what the criminals are being locked in for. 

Immediately as I was researching the punishment of thievery in the case of snuff, it was apparent that the punishment was extremely severe as there are many cases of individuals being executed as a result of this, a fact which Gay does not shy away from and makes sure to highlight in his satirical play on the upper-classes. The irony apparent in this reading of course, is the fact that Peachum himself is a crook who could just as easily face the gallows as the men he imprisons and commands. Whilst the crime is excessive, as it states that "Sixteen snuff-boxes" were stolen it is also an inverted criticism it can be argued by Gay of the individual who feels they need to own 16 snuff-boxes both the punishment and the ownership of 16 snuff-boxes are excessive in this case. 

To elaborate on this, it is prudent for us to branch out and examine the consequences of theft on this scale or similar in the real world in the 18th Century, through the use of accounts from the Old Bailey.  In the figure to the left is the case of Jane Brown who was tried for stealing two Silver Tankards, value 12 l. a silver Boat, value 20 s. a silver Tumbler, value 30 s. a silver Salt, a Mustard Pot, two Spoons, a Porringer, a pair of Snuffers all of Silver, a Brass Snuff-Pan, a piece of Point, and three Cravats , from Elizabeth Hallis of the Savoy , on the 3d of October. As seems to be the case with the majority of crimes committed against the upper-classes at this time, Jane was sentenced to death for her actions, similar to the crook fingered Jack in "A Beggars Opera". There is a steep price it seems for thieving of items as valuable as snuff and snuff-boxes. This is in large part because of who owns the, it is described that Jane was employed by a gentlewoman who was therefore able to seek her revenge on Jane as is so pointedly stated in "A Beggars Opera", the wealthy can commit no transgressions that would warrant prison yet Jane does. This is also interesting to note because of the value that it places on snuff and snuff-boxes. Because most snuff-boxes were made with gold or designed and intricately painted the value of these objects were incredibly high and so the price of stealing was inevitably in this period always going to be death. 

 

The figure on the right is in regards to the Trial of Joseph Mansfield, rather more severe crime than Jane's Joseph was convicted of ambushing two gentlemen with his 5 henchmen and stealing a Snuff-Box, Val 2s. a Saddle, val. 6s. a Seal, and other things, there were several other persons robbed at the same time, that were in the same Coach, who gave a particular account of the matter of Fact, he was subsequently found guilty of robbing the gentleman and sentenced to death. It is interesting to note these two convictions, as it illuminates the obsession that people had with material things our focus being on snuff, whilst the transgressions by these two individuals sentenced to death were not enough in my opinion to warrant a sentence of death it is reflective of the society that is consumed by consumer culture and snuff being the main provider of this only adds to our understanding of how popular and widespread its use was. These convictions and Gay's play offer an interesting perspective on the justice system and more importantly shine a light on how valuable snuff and snuff-boxes were to criminals, the fact that the sentence of death is so high can be attributed also to the value that is attached to snuff

Oxford Dictionaries | English. (2018). snuff | Definition of snuff in English by Oxford Dictionaries. [online] Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/snuff [Accessed 10 Mar. 2018].

• This was my first port of call as I wanted to be able to understand the meaning of the word including its variants before diving into research. It was helpful in the sense that I made sure to type in the variables on the various Primary Source search boxes in order to make sure I was getting the right information and ensuring that I was using appropriate terminology for the 18th Century.

 

• This was an invaluable resource that I used in the early stages of research in order to help frame my context of the time but also understand exactly how Snuff managed to enter England how and who was the reason for its popularity. It was incredibly interesting to note the rise of snuff coinciding with the usage of it by Aristocrats and Nobility. This led me to research the class implications in snuff and who can afford to purchase it adding an interesting dynamic to my research as it led me to snuff-boxes. The text was incredibly accessible and provided all the information that I needed in regards to the outside influences on snuff as well as its origins. The book was an incredible resource to lay the foundation of my research.

 

Houghton J. Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade 17th-18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers. Saturday, May 28, 1692; Issue 15.

http://find.galegroup.com/bncn/retrieve.do [Accessed 23 March 2018]

• Whilst there is not a lot of information on the page, as it only lists the objects and materials that were being imported and exported in England in the year 1692 it was an invaluable resource as it allowed me to corroborate both my Google Ngram chart as well as manage to link it to the information present in the 'History of Tobacco'. This was also useful as by all accounts it was apparent that the 1690's was the beginning of the steady increase in snuff. This is corroborated by this source as it show snuff in this light and was therefore useful for my purposes.

 

• This source was incredibly important, as Dr John Hill is one of the key voices that emerged from the 18th Century it was interesting to read as he lays out his medical findings in regards to how harmful snuff is and is adamant that it should not be used. This was incredibly important to read as the discourse that surrounded the conversation of snuff was largely created as a result of his publishing this warning. It was interesting to see the piece of work that provided the discourse in which all the other articles and penned letters to magazines were built on and in many cases replying to, therefore it was an important source to use as it allowed me to analyse the different responses to Dr John Hill's letter.

 

"Art. 25. Cautions Against the Immoderate use of Snuff. Founded on the Well Known Qualities of the Tobacco Plant; and the Effects it must Produce when this Way Taken into the Body: And Enforced by Instances of Persons Who have Perished Miserably of Diseases Occasioned, Or Rendered Incurable, by its use." The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, vol. 12, 1761, pp. 76, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/4526200?accountid=14888. [Accessed 23rd March 2018]

• This was interesting and necessary to read, as whilst Dr John Hill's letter had opened p the discourse it was important for me to gather as many different perspectives as possible in order to make my understanding of snuff as nuanced as possible. It is interesting to note that the Doctor in this letter cautions against taking Hill's words blindly yet he adds that generally he is of the same opinion that an immoderate use was harmful. It is this type of medical opinion I was after and I feel it provided me with a good contrast point to Dr Hill's letter.

 

Zoilus. "On the Bad Effects of Snuff-Taking in Church." Scots Magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany, Jan.1804-July 1817, 1807, pp. 654-656, ProQuest, http://0- search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5503504?accountid=14888. [Accessed 23rd March 2018]

• This was an incredibly interesting source to read, as it is from a male religious perspective, it was important for me to get this diversity in opinions as I wanted to sure I fully grasped every single different groups opinion and experience of snuff and how widespread it became. This was incredibly informative as the article discusses the excessive use of snuff in places like churches, and also comments on the uncivility of ladies partaking in the practice, a fact which I found interesting as it offered a new insight and path for me to direct my research. It spurred me on to search for a female religious perspective and understand what the opinion was.

 

"An Address to all Snuff-Takers." The Court, City and Country Magazine, Mar.1763-1765, 1764, pp. 149-151, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5494687?accountid=14888. [Accessed 19th March 2018]

• After reading the effects of snuff from a religious male's perspective, I managed to find this letter addressed to all snuff-takers. I was aware of the bias of the author going into it but I feel it provides an interesting perspective for us to analyse as it is written by a woman and one who laments on the way in which snuff is pervading, concerts, theatres and homes. This source was particularly helpful not only for the different opinion but also because the author shares the opinion that women shouldn't be partaking in snuff as it is uncivilised. This provided the springboard for me to delve deeper into whether women were frequent users of snuff and how this manifested on a class level.

 

"A PINCH of SNUFF." Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, June 1747-Dec.1803, vol. 46, no. 320, 1770, pp. 210-211, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/6264566?accountid=14888.  [Accessed 19th March 2018]

• Whilst not entirely decipherable at times due to the narrators lack of consistency with theme, the overarching message from the poem was that the author was in enitre agreement with the use of snuff and thought it was heavenly. It was important to get this perspective particularly from poetry, as I wanted a wide range of sources to be able to point to and so decided to diversify my sources in order to get the most well rounded view of the topic of snuff. It is clear however, that the author is thoroughly swept away by the popularity of snuff and was therefore helpful in corroborating that as it matches the popularity at the time.

 

DUBITATOR. "SNUFF Medicinally Considered." The Weekly Magazine, Or, Edinburgh Amusement, 1768-1779, vol. 28, 1775, pp. 302-303, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5822908?accountid=14888. [Accessed 23 March 2018]  

•  Whilst the Doctors in my "Opposition to Snuff" section were largely in agreement on the immoderate use of snuff causing harm, this was an interesting an important source to use as it is also from the perspective of a Doctor who understands the adverse health conditions associated with partaking in too much snuff, yet deems it to be a neccessary social sanction and thus in his eyes perfectly acceptable. This is a radical opinion to the other aforementioned ones yet it was helpful in directing my research to the social implications of snuff and how it had become so widespread so far as to become a fashionable practice.

 

Centlivre, S. and Copeland, N.. "A Bold Stroke for a Wife".  (2005) Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press.

file:///Users/fatimaomar/Downloads/Week%202%20CENTLIVRE%20Bold%20Stroke%20(1).pdf [Accessed 23rd March 2018]

• Centlivre's "A Bold Stroke for a Wife", was the perfect text to interrogate about the social implications of snuff as it is a story built on one mans desperation to integrate himself socially with each 4 of the guardians whimsies. It was incredibly interesting and helpful to study this alongside the historical rise of snuff as a fashionable practice as it tied in well with the interactions between Sir Phillip and Fainwell. This therefore proved to be an incredibly helpful tool as I was able to learn about the grip that society was in and how fashionable snuff really was as a result of Sir Phillips instant acceptance of Fainwell as a result of him having a delicately designed snuff-box. This led me to further my research about the ways in which partaking in snuff had delved into the deepest pockets of high society.

 

J, S. D. "THE SNUFF-BOX." The Lady's Monthly Museum, Or Polite Repository of Amusement and Instruction : Being an Assemblage of Whatever can Tend to Please the Fancy, Interest the Mind, Or Exalt the Character of the British Fair./ by a Society of Ladies., 1798-1828, vol. 12, 1820, pp. 309-311, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/4468203?accountid=14888. [Accessed 19th March 2018]  

•  It was through my research that I was able to glean this article after reading Centlivre's play and wanting to know more about the social implications of snuff. it was interesting to note not only the size of a snuff-box but also the necessity with which the authors of most of these letters who enjoy it seem to describe it with. It was the comparison between snuff being as imperative to women as their toilette that led me to research and delve deeper into that aspect of it and understand the true significance of just how far snuff had managed to infiltrate high society.

 

 "THE FRAGRANT PINCH." Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts, Jan.1854- Nov.1897, no. 399, 1871, pp. 527-528, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/2596683?accountid=14888. [Accessed 23rd March 2018]

• It was here that I was able to glean the sheer importance and station that snuff had managed to gain as it was considered imperative for a young lady of the Ton to have one in her toilette at the very least. This was very interesting to note and read and was helpful in framing my ideas about the ways in which women interact with snuff as well as providing me with an understanding of who exactly partakes in snuff, the answer being the wealthy.

 

Gay, John. The Beggar's Opera and Polly. Ed. Hal Gladfelder. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. Print.

• After researching the many ways that snuff had managed to brighten the lives of the upper-classes and prove a fashionable practice it was important that I return to this play as I felt it would be an interesting study in what criminals find an attractive booty to steal. This was very helpful as it provided me with a framework of understanding Gay's satire and criticism on a deeper level as he explores the transgressions that the wealthy can get away with whilst the poor are sentenced to death for petty thievery. It was very useful in providing an argument for the crimes that I then looked up at the Old Bailey in relation to some characters mentioned in the book.

 

Old Bailey Proceedings Online, October 1687, Trial of Jane Brown (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 27 March 2018) (t16871012-20).

https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t16871012-20&div=t16871012-20&terms=snuff#highlight [Accessed 23rd March 2018]

• This was an invaluable source of history, as it provided me with thorough details on the nature of the crime, the time of the crime and the verdict that was reached for the crime. It was helpful in framing my mind to the context of the legal world in the 18th century or to put it bluntly the lack of legality. Through perusing the various crimes that had been recorded it was interesting to note the number of verdicts that ended with death and guilt and the petty nature of the crime that resulted in execution. This was helpful as it provided names as well as verdicts providing me with the information that even women were not forgiven or given leeway in the court of law. Proving to be a good comparison point with the trial of Joseph Mansfield.

 

Old Bailey Proceedings Online Trial of Joseph Mansfield (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 27 March 2018), April 1693, (t16930426-62).

https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t16930426-62&div=t16930426-62&terms=snuff#highlight [Accessed 23rd March 2018]

• This was incredibly interesting to read if a bit bleak as it provided information on the items that were stolen, against whom and whether there were any additional culprits. It was very helpful in the sense that it provided me with a framework to understand how valuable snuff and snuff-boxes were as there were a lot of results when searching for crimes related to theft of snuff. This was ultimately interesting and helpful in the context of it being a comparison point to the trial of Jane Brown. 

 

---

Figures

Figure 1

Houghton J. Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade17th-18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers. Saturday, May 28, 1692; Issue 15.

http://find.galegroup.com/bncn/retrieve.do

 

Figure 2

Graph depicting use of the term "Snuff" in texts from 1680-1820. Google Books Ngram Viewer.  https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=snuff&year_start=1680&year_end=1820&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Csnuff%3B%2Cc0

 

Figure 3

 Figure x "Cautions Against the Immoderate use of Snuff: By Dr. John Hill." The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 5, 1761, pp. 361-362, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5708348?accountid=14888. 

 

Figure 4

 Figure x "Art. 25. Cautions Against the Immoderate use of Snuff. Founded on the Well Known Qualities of the Tobacco Plant; and the Effects it must Produce when this Way Taken into the Body: And Enforced by Instances of Persons Who have Perished Miserably of Diseases Occasioned, Or Rendered Incurable, by its use." The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, vol. 12, 1761, pp. 76, ProQuest,http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/4526200?accountid=14888.

 

Figure 5

Figure x Zoilus. "On the Bad Effects of Snuff-Taking in Church." Scots Magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany, Jan.1804-July 1817, 1807, pp. 654-656, ProQuest, http://0- search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5503504?accountid=14888.

 

Figure 6

Figure x "An Address to all Snuff-Takers." The Court, City and Country Magazine, Mar.1763-1765, 1764, pp. 149-151, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5494687?accountid=14888.

 

Figure 7

"A PINCH of SNUFF." Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, June 1747-Dec.1803, vol. 46, no. 320, 1770, pp. 210-211, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/6264566?accountid=14888.  

 

Figure 8

 DUBITATOR. "SNUFF Medicinally Considered." The Weekly Magazine, Or, Edinburgh Amusement, 1768-1779, vol. 28, 1775, pp. 302-303, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/5822908?accountid=14888.  

 

Figure 9

Thomas Rowlandson, 1756-1827, British. A Man Buying Snuff, The Snuff Shop. undated. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, . http://0-library.artstor.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/asset/AYCBAIG_10313607038. Web. 24 Mar 2018.

 

Figure 10

Image  Henry Gillard Gallant Taking Snuff  1912 Photograph Henry Gillard Gildoni Web Accessed 24 March 2018 

https://www.mutualart.com/Artwork/Gallant-taking-snuff/75CD7A3E7D7F6052

 

Figure 11

Pierre Marie Gault De Saint-Germain, European; French, 1754 - 1842,  (made by). Oval Snuff Box. 1779-1780. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, Gift of Mrs. Edward B. Greene, Mrs. Edward B. Greene, Cleveland, Ohio., 1957.409, http://www.clemusart.com/. http://0-library.artstor.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/asset/AMICO_CL_103800670. Web. 23 Mar 2018.

 

Figure 12

Snuff bottle. 1690. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, http://www.metmuseum.org. http://0-library.artstor.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/asset/SS7731421_7731421_11426613. Web. 23 Mar 2018.

 

Figure 13

J, S. D. "THE SNUFF-BOX." The Lady's Monthly Museum, Or Polite Repository of Amusement and Instruction : Being an Assemblage of Whatever can Tend to Please the Fancy, Interest the Mind, Or Exalt the Character of the British Fair./ by a Society of Ladies., 1798-1828, vol. 12, 1820, pp. 309-311, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/4468203?accountid=14888.  

 

Figure 14

 "THE FRAGRANT PINCH." Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts, Jan.1854- Nov.1897, no. 399, 1871, pp. 527-528, ProQuest, http://0-search.proquest.com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/docview/2596683?accountid=14888.

 

Figure 15

Blarenberghe, Louis Nicolas van, 1716-1794. Snuff Box: det.: top: office. c.1770. http://0-library.artstor.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822003039326. Web. 27 Mar 2018.

 

Figure 16

Blarenberghe, Louis Nicolas van, 1716-1794. Snuff Box: det.: side: Grand Gallery of the Louvre. c.1770. http://0-library.artstor.org.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/asset/ARTSTOR_103_41822003039359. Web. 27 Mar 2018.

 

Figure 17

Old Bailey Proceedings Online, October 1687, Trial of Jane Brown (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 27 March 2018) (t16871012-20).

https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t16871012-20&div=t16871012-20&terms=snuff#highlight

 

Figure 18 

Old Bailey Proceedings Online Trial of Joseph Mansfield (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 27 March 2018), April 1693, (t16930426-62).

https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t16930426-62&div=t16930426-62&terms=snuff#highlight

 

 

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World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Title: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 89, Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines, Lyon, France, 2007, Historical Overview 1.1.2 Snuff taking, pp. 43–47, ISBN9789283212898 https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/recentpub/mono89.pdf [Accessed 23rd March 2018[]

 

Porter, R., Teich, M : Drugs and Narcotics in History, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 39.

 

The Great Georgian Snuff Debate" Wordpress.com  Wordpress.com, September 14th 2014. https://dralun.wordpress.com/2014/09/15/the-great-georgian-snuff-debate/  [Accessed 19th March 2018]

 

McCullen, J. T. “Tobacco: A Recurrent Theme in Eighteenth-Century Literature.” The Bulletin of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association, vol. 22, no. 2, 1968, pp. 30–39. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1346449 [Accessed 19th March 2018]

 

Harrison, D. F. N. “Snuff: Its Use And Abuse.” The British Medical Journal, vol. 2, no. 5425, 1964, pp. 1649–1651. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25401535. [Accessed 23rd March 2018]